SQL Server Magazine

Almost every time I advise someone to use a wireless rather than wired networking solution for their small office/home office (SOHO) or their home, I get a quizzical look and the inevitable question “Is that secure?” Admittedly, security is a big concern on wireless networks because wireless networks are more open to anonymous access than physical networks are. However, my typical response is that although wireless can be nonsecure, it doesn’t have to be—it all depends on how much you care about security. The reality is that some people simply don’t care about their computer security, perhaps because of lack of knowledge or because they think they have nothing to lose even if someone does break into their network. But if you’re reading Windows IT Pro, you undoubtedly do care about security.

Windows Vista is a very wireless-friendly, as well as a very secure, OS. In this article, I explain how to use Vista’s wireless networking features to enhance wireless security from the client side. These features let users configure more secure wireless networks and achieve better wireless functionality than in previous OSs.

Wireless Administration
In previous versions of Windows, hardware vendors typically provided their own tools for managing wireless networks. This method was challenging for both users and support technicians because users needed to learn how to use different vendor-specific wireless software depending on the type of computer or network adapter they had, and support personnel had to manage these various clients with different tools—mostly in a decentralized manner. Vista includes wireless client software by default. This software is hardware-vendor independent, and the interface for administering wireless networks is the same for both users and administrators. This single point of administration offers a new level of consistency for wireless clients and makes managing wireless security easier than ever before.

For additional functionality, hardware vendors and developers can use Microsoft’s Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) architecture, called EAPHost. EAPHost is basically a framework for creating authentication mechanisms that Vista doesn’t support natively. Hardware vendors or developers can use EAPHost to create a plug-in for an existing Vista wireless client, in order to provide additional authentication or encryption functionality, instead of writing a complete software package. This additional authentication functionality is available to users through the Vista wireless client (rather than in a separate application as with previous versions of Windows).

Connecting to Wireless Networks
One of Vista’s most significant improvements to wireless security is that the wireless client discloses much less information about configured wireless networks. In previous versions of Windows, such as Windows XP, the client periodically broadcasts the Service Set Identifier (SSID) names of all the configured wireless networks. Malicious users can take advantage of this behavior by catching these broadcasts, then tricking a client into connecting to a false Access Point (AP), using an SSID name that matches the SSID name of a real wireless network that’s configured on the client, in order to obtain private information such as a username and password for connecting to a real AP.

In Vista, a wireless client doesn’t broadcast all configured SSID names. Instead, the client broadcasts only those SSIDs that are explicitly configured as hidden and preferred networks, and only if necessary (e.g., when a user initiates a connection to configured wireless networks). If a user doesn’t have any hidden networks configured, no broadcasts will occur from the client side, which greatly enhances security. (Note that using hidden SSID networks isn’t a recommended practice because doing so provides only an illusion of security. Even if your AP doesn’t broadcast SSID names, your clients do. Because you have many more clients than APs, and because clients are mobile whereas APs are static, a malicious user will more likely discover a hidden SSID name by sniffing client broadcast traffic rather than obtaining the name from an AP.)

Vista helps users connect to hidden networks by displaying “unnamed networks” in the Connect to a network wizard, which Figure 1 shows. To access this wizard, right-click the taskbar’s network icon and select Connect to a network. If you select Wireless from the drop-down list, you’ll see all the visible, hidden, and configured wireless networks on the machine. If a user attempts to connect to an unnamed (hidden) network, he or she will be prompted for an SSID name before authentication proceeds. Having to manually enter the SSID name every time you want to connect to a hidden network prevents broadcasting SSIDs from the client side when you’re away from the network. You can automate this procedure by configuring Vista to connect automatically to hidden networks, although this approach requires broadcasting SSIDs. A better alternative it to use a semiautomatic approach: Configure the hidden network, deselect the option for automatically connecting to the network, but select the option to connect to the network even if it doesn’t broadcast the SSID. To use this approach, select the Manage Wireless Networks option from Vista’s Control Panel Network and Sharing Center applet, then open the wireless network’s properties. This approach saves the network’s SSID and authentication settings on the computer, but you still have to connect manually.

If you’re wondering how Vista can discover hidden networks, then you should know that AP hardware actually hides SSIDs by sending a frame with the SSID set as NULL. Although XP and Windows Server 2003 can’t display those networks to users, Vista can.

If a user tries to connect to an unsecured network, Vista notifies the user. A network is considered unsecured if it doesn’t use an authentication and encryption protocol (or if it uses a weak protocol). A Vista client will never automatically connect to an unsecured network. You can use Group Policy to configure clients to prevent all unsecured connections. Automatic connections are possible only for secured networks that are configured with network profiles on the client side.

In Vista, creating and connecting to ad-hoc (without AP) networks is enhanced from both a security and a functionality standpoint. A major security feature for ad-hoc networks is implementation of the Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2)–Personal security protocol. As Figure 2 shows, this protocol is the default authentication method in the wizard for creating ad-hoc networks. To access this wizard, start the Network and Sharing Center applet and select the Set up a connection or network option. Before Vista, Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) was available only on infrastructure wireless networks, and user-to-user networks were left with weak security methods such as static Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP).

Another useful new feature for connecting Vista to wireless networks is Group Policy’s Enterprise Single Sign-On service. This feature lets users authenticate to wireless networks and domain controllers (DCs) in a single logon procedure. First, the user is authenticated by using an 802.1x-enabled device (by using a certificate or a username and password). If the logon is successful, the computer’s Group Policy is applied, and credentials are passed to the domain logon procedure. Using the Enterprise Single Sign-On feature also lets you join a client to a domain by using only a wireless network, which isn’t possible in XP. In XP, you have to connect the client to a physical network first, and join the client to the domain—then you can start to work on the wireless network.

Available Security Methods
Vista supports many security methods for authentication and encryption, as Figure 3 shows. WEP was the most commonly used security protocol for securing wireless networks in previous Windows versions. Although WEP is simple to implement, it’s no longer considered a viable security method. WEP’s main weakness is that it’s based on a shared key for encryption of traffic (as well as for vector initialization). In addition, WEP uses an inferior encryption algorithm and has weak key management. These weaknesses make WEP an easily breakable solution that’s no longer recommended.

The most commonly used security protocol in Vista is WPA. WPA has a better design, better key management, and a better encryption algorithm than WEP has. But WPA’s major advantage over WEP is the use of Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP), which dynamically changes encryption keys as traffic goes between two hosts. Rather than WEP’s cyclical redundancy check (CRC), WPA uses a better and more secure method for maintaining message integrity, called Message Authentication Code.

Vista offers two WPA configuration options: personal and enterprise. WPA-Personal is easier to configure because it uses a shared passphrase. This passphrase, which must be known (and configured) to the client and AP, acts as a base for implementing encryption. Although WPA-Personal is much more secure than WEP, sharing a passphrase can still pose a significant risk, so this implementation of WPA is recommended for small offices or home (ad-hoc) networks. WPA-Enterprise is a much more secure protocol, but it requires the implementation of 802.1x devices, the Remote Authentication Dial- In User Service (RADIUS) protocol, and an authentication server. WPA-Enterprise is intended for use in corporate environments. Both WPA-Personal and WPAEnterprise also exist in version 2 (i.e., WPA2). The most important difference in version 2 is the implementation of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)–based algorithm, rather than WPA’s RC4. Although WPA2 is recommended for optimal security, you might experience limitations if your AP or client hardware doesn’t support it.

IEEE 802.1x authentication is designed for medium and large wireless LANs with authentication infrastructure consisting of RADIUS servers and account databases such as Active Directory (AD). This authentication method prevents a wireless client from joining a wireless network until it has performed a successful authentication. For authentication of clients, 802.1x uses EAP, with different methods such as those using username and password credentials (Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol–Microsoft Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol version 2 (PEAP-MSCHAPv2) or a digital certificate and/ or a smart card (Extensible Authentication Protocol– Transport Layer Security—EAP-TLS).

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